By Florence Tan and Marius Zaharia
SINGAPORE/HONG KONG (Reuters) - Asia's most externally vulnerable economies - India, Indonesia and the Philippines - have just taken a one-two punch.
U.S. 10-year Treasury bond yields (US10YT=RR) hit 3 percent this week, a level long touted as one to watch for potential portfolio outflows from the region, where interest rates have barely shifted since the U.S. Federal Reserve began slowing hiking policy rates in late 2015.
An even bigger worry is that oil prices hit 3-1/2 year highs: not only do these countries run the biggest current account deficits of Asia's major economies, but they are also among region's most voracious oil importers.
If oil prices stay at their current levels of around $75 a barrel (LCOc1), projections for inflation, growth, budget and trade deficits could be missed, increasing selling pressure on the trio's currencies, stocks and bonds - already among Asia's worst performers - and potentially forcing their central banks to raise interest rates sooner than they otherwise would.
Higher rates could, in turn, hurt growth and budgets, creating a self-feeding loop that further erodes confidence in local assets.
"If higher oil prices are sustained, interest rates will be raised faster than anticipated," said Tilak Doshi, Singapore-based analyst at energy consultancy Muse, Stancil & Co.
In its projections for growth and inflation, Indonesia's central bank said it works on an assumption of oil at $60 a barrel. The Philippines' said it works with $55-$70, while India, according to two finance ministry sources, works with $65.
These averages might still be attained if oil prices drop back, but the recent run-up has prompted many analysts to call an end to the oil market slump that started in 2014 and prompted hints that policymakers' assumptions are changing. [O/R]
In February, the Philippines central bank raised its 2018 inflation projection to 4.3 percent, from 3.4 percent previously, mainly due to higher oil prices, but expects this to be a temporary breach of its 2-4 percent target.
At the start of the year, it was expected to raise interest rates once or twice in 2018. Now some analysts see three hikes. India and Indonesia were the last major central banks in Asia to cut rates last year and were mostly expected to stay put throughout 2018, but analysts say hikes are now on the table.
Indonesia said on Tuesday it had been selling foreign currency in "quite a sizeable amount" to halt the rupiah's depreciation since last week. At an IMF meeting in Washington on Sunday, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governor Urjit Patel flagged oil prices as a growing risk for inflation.
"Philippines – three interest rate hikes are expected in the next three meetings. If oil prices stay at these levels, then RBI may have to raise rates ... Indonesia is the next country to watch," said Robert Subbaraman, chief economist for Asia ex-Japan at Nomura.
FEELING THE PRESSURE
The Philippines' current account deficit doubled to 0.8 percent of GDP last year. Indonesia's current account deficit is seen doubling in the first quarter to 2 percent of GDP, the same level that India's was in October-December 2017.
And things are getting worse.
Indonesia's crude oil imports bill rose by $1 billion, or 54.5 percent on the year, in January-March 2018. The Philippines significantly scaled back oil imports in the first quarter, but still spent $130 million more than the year-ago total. India's oil imports cost rose by $5 billion, or 26 percent in the same period.
Trade balances for India, Philippines & Indonesia deteriorate amid rising import costs: https://reut.rs/2KgiY1N
Local assets are feeling the pressure.
The Philippine peso
By contrast in South Korea, also a major oil importer, but one that runs a trade surplus, the won
Analysts see the selling pressure intensifying. This week, Maybank revised its end-2018 rupee forecast to 66 per dollar, around current levels, from 63.50 previously and ANZ revised it to 67 from 66.
"We think the surge in oil price is a key game changer for the rupee as the rise in oil prices present a double whammy on India: one, in terms of current account deterioration and two, in terms of upside risks to inflation," Maybank analysts said.
NEW PROJECTIONS
To be sure, all three countries are considered to have adequate foreign exchange reserves and the current account positions of India and Indonesia are better than during the previous lengthy period of outflows from Asia in 2013-2014, prompted by the Fed's first signals that its unconventional easing measures were about to be rolled back.
Current account and FX reserves in India, Indonesia, Philippines: https://reut.rs/2JralA5
Higher oil prices could make those economies more vulnerable, but are unlikely to cause panic.
Nomura estimates each $10 per barrel increase in oil prices could widen the trade deficit in the Philippines by 0.5 percent of GDP and raise inflation by 20 bps. In Indonesia, it could lower the trade balance by 0.2 percent of GDP and add 10 bps to inflation. In India, it could worsen the current account balance by 0.4 percent of GDP and increase inflation by 30-40 bps.
In a note in February, ANZ said an average oil price of $80 a barrel could add 40-50 bps to inflation in each country.
Fuel prices are especially politically sensitive in Asia's poorer countries, and a further risk is that higher costs could push governments to raise subsidies or introduce tighter regulation on prices, which could contain inflation but hurt central budgets and energy firms.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi are facing elections in the coming year, having enjoyed oil prices at historically low levels throughout their terms.
In Indonesia, state oil firm Pertamina is shouldering the burden of subsidies as the government has pledged to keep prices unchanged for two years. India has not taken any such measures.
"I would classify (subsidies) as a policy mistake, because it means reallocating fiscal resources in an inefficient way," said Alexander Wolf, senior emerging markets economist at Aberdeen Standard Investments. "That could erode confidence."