By Vera Eckert and Tom Sims
FRANKFURT (Reuters) - The flow of gas from Russia to Germany through the Nord Stream 1 pipeline stopped on Monday as a planned 10-day maintenance period began. The question is: Will flows then resume?
Germany, Europe's largest economy, is largely dependent on Russian gas to fuel its export-led economy and to keep homes warm. But the nation has been bracing for a possible complete halt in Russian supplies if Moscow steps up its use of gas as an economic weapon against the West while it wages war in Ukraine.
A temporary stop? https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/zdpxoboxqvx/chart.png
Already down from last year, Russian gas flows slowed even further through the Nord Stream 1 pipeline last month, and Berlin moved to the second of three stages of its supply emergency plan.
Industry executives and economists are scrambling to figure out how Germany will fare in the coming months and beyond, and where it is especially vulnerable.
Germany is known for its cars, and its machine tools fill factories throughout China, but sectors likely to be hardest hit are also its glass and chemicals industries.
Here are six charts that illustrate Germany's exposure:
1. The Nord Stream 1 pipeline from Russia through the Baltic Sea is the most important direct gas route into Germany. Before the start of maintenance, flows were already down to 40% of capacity, with Russia citing trouble with turbines and sanctions.
There is concern that after the maintenance period the pipeline closes for good.
In that event, storage caverns would not be filled in time for the winter heating season, which is just three months away.
Slower flow https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/zjvqkzknkvx/chart.png
2. It's not just Germany. Gas flows to Europe are also curtailed via routes linking Russia with Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Austria via Ukraine and on another route through Belarus and Poland.
Gas to Europe https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/lbvgnxmaypq/chart.png
3. Less gas and caps on prices for consumers have put the squeeze on energy suppliers like the German utility Uniper, which is in talks with the government about a possible bailout.
Uniper's plight is so far the most vivid example of the war's effect on corporate Germany.
Uniper plunge https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/movananwqpa/chart.png
4. German industry, which includes titans like Volkswagen (ETR:VOWG_p) and Siemens, is the biggest consumer of gas, but half of all households, which heat with gas, aren't far behind.
Emergency plans say homes should be prioritised if the state is forced into rationing, alongside hospitals and essential services, but there are also calls to make households part of savings programmes.
Gas sales by customer group https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/lbpgnxwywvq/chart.png
5. Within the industries consuming gas for their processes, Germany's chemical sector is the biggest single consumer. According to Moody's, BASF alone uses 4% of Germany's gas at its Ludwigshafen site.
"In a scenario of reduced gas availability, European chemicals producers could face at least two winters with tight gas supplies," Moody's said in a research note, adding costs would go up as well.
Gas use by industry https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/gdpzygnaqvw/chart.png
6. In the grimmest scenario, a complete halt to Russian natural gas exports could cost Germany 12.7% of economic performance in the second half of 2022, according to the Bavarian vbw industry association. That would translate into 193 billion euros ($195.57 billion) in total economic losses.
Germany may be famous for its cars, but the industries that stand to see their activities most curtailed by lack of gas include glass, iron and steel, ceramics, food and printing, with vast knock-on effects to other sectors.
Hardest-hit industries https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/egpbkgbzgvq/chart.png
($1 = 0.9869 euros)